All
names and titles used of one Person represent the different relationships
which are sustained by Him.
In the New Testament these are more varied, and not less important than
those in the Old Testament; and Appendix 4 should be compared with
this Appendix.
The following exhibition of them practically embraces all that is
necessary to enable the English reader to understand them, and to grasp something of the
perfection with which each is used.
The list of Names, etc. is given according to the common English
rendering of the Authorized Version, as being more easy for reference. It does not include
"Spirit" or "Holy Spirit": for which see
the separate Appendix, Number 101. Reference is made, in the
notes, to the following divisions and subdivisions :-
GOD.
GOD
. Greek Theos. The
Greek language, being of human origin, utterly fails (and naturally so) to exhibit the
wonderful precision of the Hebrew, inasmuch as the language necessarily reflects, and
cannot go beyond the knowledge, or rather the lack of knowledge, of the Divine Being apart
from revelation.
Theos
corresponds, generally, with `Elohim of the Old Testament, denoting the
Creator (see Appendix 4. I); but it corresponds also with El
(Appendix 4. IV), and Eloah (Appendix
4. V). Sometimes it corresponds with Jehovah (who is `Elohim
in Covenant relation), in which case it is printed G
OD
, as in the Old Testament (both
Authorized Version and Revised Version).
- Theos is used in the New Testament of the Father, as the revealed God (see
John 1: 1
. Acts 17:
24
, etc.).
- It is used of the Son (Matthew 1:
23.
John 1:
1
; 20:
28
, ect. Romans 9:
5
.
2
Peter 1:
1
.
1
John 5:
20
). Compare Colossians 2:
9
and
2
Peter 1:
3,4
.
- It is used of the Holy Spirit (Acts 5 verse
3
, compared with verse
4
).
- It is used generically, as in John 10:
34
. Acts 12:
22
.
2
Corinthians 4:
4
. Philippians 3:
19
, etc.
- It is used of false gods, as in Acts 7:
43
, etc.; and is printed "god"
as in the Old Testament.
- Cognate with Theos, there are three other words to be noted:
- Theotes, rendered "Deity", and used of Christ.
Occurs only in Colossians 2: 9
, and has relation to the Godhead
personally; while
- Theiotes, rendered "Deity" also, is Deity in the abstract.
Occurs only in Romans 1: 20
.
- Theios, rendered "Divine", and is used of Christ.
Occurs only in 2
Peter 1:
3,4
; and, with the Article, in Acts
17: 29
where it is rendered "Godhead".
Greek = that which [is] Divine.
I AM.
Used by Christ of Himself, in John 8:
58
. See note on Exodus 3:
14
.
FATHER.
FATHER
. Greek Pater.
Expresses relationship, the correlative of which is "son". When
used of man it not only denotes parentage, but it sometimes has the wider meaning of "ancestor",
"founder", or a "senior" (as in
1
John 2:
13,14
); also the author or source of
anything (John 8: 44
. Hebrews 12:
9
); and expresses a spiritual
relationship, as in 1
Corinthians 4:
15
.
When used of God it denotes His relationship to His "beloved
Son"; and to those ("sons") who have been begotten
(not "born", see note on Matthew 1:
1
) into a new creation.
It implies "sons", not "offspring",
as in Acts 17: 28,29
. These were "offspring",
and were existing (Greek huparcho), as such, according to nature, on the
ground of creation; not "sons" as being "begotten"
into a new creation.
ALMIGHTY.
ALMIGHTY
. Greek Pantokrator.
This title belongs to the same God, as Creator, but expresses His relationship to all He
has created, by the exercise of His power over "all the works of His hands".
It occurs only in 2
Corinthians 6:
18
. Revelation 1:
8
; 4:
8
; 11:
17
; 15:
3
; 16:
7,14
; 19:
6,15
; 21:
22
.
POTENTATE.
POTENTATE
. Greek Dunastes =
a mighty Prince, or Ruler (compare English "dynasty"). Used of
God, only in 1
Timothy 6:
15
. Elsewhere used, only twice, of
earthly rulers, in Luke 1: 52
(generally), and of the
Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8: 27
.
LORD.
This is the rendering of two Greek words: i. Kurios, and
ii. Despotes; and one Aramaic, iii. Rabboni.
- Kurios.
Kurios means "owner" (and is so translated in
Luke 19: 33
). It expresses the authority and
lordship arising from and pertaining to ownership. Hence, while it is used
of each Person of the Trinity, it is similarly used of the lower and human relationship of
"master". Compare Luke 19:
33
and see below a. 4.
So much depends on the presence or absence of the Greek Article, when
used of the Divine relationship, that these are carefully distinguished in the
subdivisions below.
For obvious reasons the four Gospels have been treated, below, apart
from the other books of the New Testament.
In the Four Gospels.
- Used of Jehovah (
Appendix 4. II), and printed
"LORD" throughout.
With the Article (ho Kurios).
In quotations from the Old Testament it occurs four
1
times: in Matthew 1:
22
; 2:
15
; 5:
33
; 22:
44
-.
In other connexions it occurs fourteen times: once in Matthew (9:
38
); once in Mark (5:
19
); twelve times in Luke (1:
6,9,15,25,28,46
; 2:
15,22,-23,38
; 10:
2
; 20:
42
-).
- Without the Article (Kurios).
In quotations from the Old Testament it occurs twenty-nine times; eight times in
Matthew (3: 3
; 4:
7,10
; 21:
9,42
; 22:
37
; 23:
39
; 27:
10
); eight times in Mark (1:
3
; 11:
9,10
; 12:
11,29,29,30,36-
); nine times in Luke (3:
4
; 4:
8,12,18,19
; 10:
27
; 13:
35
; 19:
38
; 20:
37
); four times in John (1:
23
; 12:
13,38,38
).
- In other connexions twenty-four times: six times in Matthew (1:
20,24
; 2:
13,19
; 11:
25
; 28:
2
); once in Mark (13:
20
); seventeen times in Luke (1:
11,16,17,32,38,45,48,66,68,76
; 2:
9,23-,24,26,39
; 5:
17
; 10:
21
).
- Used by Christ Himself.
With the Article (ho Kurios).
In direct reference: six times (Matthew 21:
3
; 24:
42
; Mark 11:
3
; Luke 19:
31
; John 13:
13,14
).
In direct reference: twice (Matthew 22:-
44
; Luke 20:
-42
).
- Without the Article (Kurios).
In direct reference: eleven times (Matthew 7:
21,21,22,22
; 12:
8
; 25:
37,44
; Mark 2:
28
; Luke 6:
5,46,46
).
- In indirect reference: four times (Matthew 22:
43,45
; Mark 12:
37
; Luke 20:
44
).
- Used of Christ by others.
By His disciples: fifty-nine times (Matthew 8:
21,25
; 13:
51
; 14:
28,30
; 16:
22
; 17:
4
; 18:
21
; 26:
22
; [not one in Mark
2
] Luke 1:
43
; 5:
8
; 9:
54,57,59,61
; 10:
17,40
; 11:
1
; 12:
41
; 13:
23
; 17:
37
; 19:
8,34
; 22:
31,33,38,49
; 23:
42
; 24:
34
; John 6:
68
; 9:
36,38
; 11:
3,12,21,27,32,34,39
; 13:
6,9,25,36,37
; 14:
5,8,22
; 20:
2,13,18,20,25,28
; 21:
7,15,16,17,20,21
).
By others than His disciples.
Rendered "Lord" eighteen times: twelve in Matthew (8:
2,6,8
; 9:
28
; 15:
22,25,27-
; 17:
15
; 20:
30,31,38
; 28:
6
); only twice in Mark
3
(7:
28
; 9:
24
); four times in Luke (2:
11
; 5:
12
; 7:
6
; 18:
41
); twice in John (6:
34
; 8:
11
).
Rendered "Sir" six times: John 4:
11,15,19,49
; 5:
7
; 20:
15
(Mary, addressing the supposed
gardener).
By the Holy Spirit frequently in the narratives of the Evangelists.
- Used of others than Christ.
With the Article (ho Kurios), emphasizing ownership. Occurs fourty-two
times: twenty-one times in Matthew (10:
24,25
; 15:
-27
; 18:
25,27,31,32,34
; 20:
8
; 21:
40
; 24:
45,46,48,50
; 25:
18,19,21,21,23,23,26
); twice in Mark (12:
9
; 13:
35
); sixteen times in Luke (12:
36,37,-42,43,45,46,47
; 14:
21,23
; 16:
3,5,5,8
; 19:
33
; 20:
13,15
); three times in John (13:
16
; 15:
15,20
).
Without the Article (Kurios). Generally in courtesy, emphasizing
superior relationship. Occ. Nineteen times. Rendered "Lord"
fourteen times (Matthew 18: 26
; 25:
11,11,20,22,24
. Luke 13:
8,25,25
; 14:
22
; 19:
16,18,20,25
); "Master"
twice (Matthew 6: 24
. Luke 16:
13
); "Sir"
four times (Matthew 13: 27
; 21:
30
; 27:
63
. John 12:
21
).
B. In the other books of the New Testament.
Used of Jehovah (Appendix 4. II), and printed "LORD"
throughout; as in the Old Testament.
With the Article (ho Kurios).
In quotations from the Old Testament. Occurs ten times (Acts 2:
25,34
; 4:
26
; 7:
33
; 13:
47
; 15:17. Romans 15:
11
.
1
Corinthians 10:
26,28
. Hebrews 8:
11
).
In other connexions: Acts 2:
47
.
2
Corinthians 10:
18
. Hebrews 8:
2
; 12:
14
. James 5:
-11
.
2
Peter 3:
9,15
. Jude
5
. Revelation 11:
15,21,22
.
- Without the Article (Kurios).
In quotations from, or references to, the Old Testament: Acts 2:
20,21
; 3:
22
; 7:
30,31,37,49
. Romans 4:
8
; 9:
28,29
; 10:
13,16
; 11:
3,34
; 12:
19
; 14:
11
.
1
Corinthians 1:
31
; 2:
16
; 3:
20
; 14:
21
.
2
Corinthians 6:
17,18
; 10:
17
. Hebrews 1:
10
; 7:
21
; 8:
8,9,10
; 10:
16,30,30
; 12:
5,6
; 13:
6
.
1
Peter 1:
25
; 3:
12,12
.
- In other connexion: Acts 1:
24
; 2:
39
; 5:
9,19
; 17:
24
.
2
Corinthians 3:
16
. James 5:
4,10,11-
.
2
Peter 2:
9,11
; 3:
8,10
. Jude
9,14
. Revelation 4:
8
; 11:
17
; 15:
3,4
; 16:
5,7
; 18:
8
; 19:
1,6
; 22:
5,6
.
Used of Christ.
With the Article, as in Acts 2:-
34
.
2
Corinthians 3:
17
-, etc.
Without the Article, as in
1
Corinthians 8:
6
, etc.
Despotes. Like Kurios (i, above) it denotes owner; but it
includes (when used of God) the exercise of more absolute, unlimited and despotic
authority and power in heaven and on earth. It is derived from deo = to
bind, and pous = the foot. It occurs ten times in the New Testament, and is
rendered five times "Lord" ; and five times "Master"
(see No. XIV. 2, below).
Used of Jehovah (Appendix 4. II) three times (Luke 2:
29
. Acts 4:
24
. Revelation 6:
10
).
Used of Christ, twice ( 2
Peter 2:
1
. Jude
4
).
Rabboni. Aramaic for the Hebrew Rabbi = my Master, or Teacher. See Appendix 94. III. 3. Occurs twice, once translated "Lord"
(Mark 10: 51
); and once transliterated "Rabboni"
(John 20: 16
).
EMMANUEL.
EMMANUEL
. Hebrew `Immanuel
= God (El) with us (Isaiah 7:
14
; 8:
8
). Used of Christ, Matthew 1:
23
, being another proof of His
Deity (see No. VI. i. a. 2. A. a. b.).
MESSIAH.
This is the Greek transliteration of the Hebrew Mashiah,
with the same meaning, Anointed. Used twice of Christ (John 1:
41
; 4:
25
).
CHRIST.
This is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Mashiah. See
No. VIII. Christos has the same meaning, from chrio , to
anoint. Hence, the Noun is used of and for the Messiah, and in the Gospels should always
be translated "Messiah", as well as in the Acts, and sometimes in
the later books of the New Testament.
JESUS.
Iesous is the same as the Hebrew Jehoshua, or the
abbreviated form of Joshua (compare Hebrews 4:
8
), and means [the] Salvation of
Jehovah, or Jehovah [the] Saviour.
The name "Jesus" expresses the relation
of Jehovah to Him in Incarnation, by which "He humbled Himself, and became
obedient unto death, even the death of the cross" (Philippians. 2:
8
); Who, being God, did not deem
His glory a thing not to be thus relinquished (see note on "robbery",
Philippians 2: 6
). The name "Jesus"
is the name associated with "the shame" which He endured in order
to "save His People from their sins" (Matthew 1:
21
). His People therefore never
addressed Him as "Jesus", but always as "Master"
(No. XIV. v) or "Lord" (VI. i. a. 3). (John 13:
13,14
. Luke 6:
46
), and so should all His people
to-day; not following the example of demons (Matthew 8:
29
), or of His enemies, who
irreverently called Him "Jesus".
JESUS CHRIST.
In the combination of these two names, the former is emphatic by its
position, the second being subsidiary and explanatory. In the Gospels it means "Jesus
the Messiah". In the Epistles it means Jesus Who humbled Himself but is now
exalted and glorified as Christ. Care should be taken to note the various readings.
CHRIST JESUS.
This is the converse of "Jesus Christ" (XI) and
denotes the now exalted One, Who once humbled Himself.
CHRIST THE LORD.
This is the Hebrew Mashiah J
e
hovah = Jehovah's
Anointed, as in 1
Samuel 24:
6
. Occasionally only in Luke 2:
11
; and with the Article = the
Anointed of Jehovah, Luke 2: 26
.
MASTER.
This title is the translation of eight distinct Greek words, which are all carefully
distinguished in the notes.
- Kurios
(the same as No. VI. i. a. 2, 3, above). Is used of the Lord in
Mark 13: 35
. Ephesians 6:
9
, and Colossians 4:
1
. Used of others (Matthew 6:
24
. Luke 16:
13
). See VI. i. a. 4. B.,
above.
- Despotes
, see No. VI. ii, above. It occurs ten times, and is rendered five
times "Lord" (see VI. ii); and five times "Master",
once of the Divine Master ( 2
Timothy 2:
21
); and four times of human
masters.
- Oikodespotes
= master of a house; housemaster. It occurs twelve times, and is
used in Parables by the Lord of Himself seven times, and of others thrice: it is rendered
four times "householder"; five times "goodman of the
house"; and three times "master" (Matthew 10:
25
. Luke 13:
25
; 14:
21
). Twice it is used of others
than Christ (Mark 14: 14
. Luke 22:
11
).
- Epistates
= Commander. Occurs five times as addressed to the Lord (Luke 5:
5
; 8:
24,24,45
; 9:
33,49
; 17:
13
).
- Didaskalos
= Teacher, or as we should say "Doctor".
Occurs fifty-eight times, and is twice explained as meaning "Rabbi".
See No. vii. page 144.
The Lord was addressed as Didaskalos (=Teacher), rendered "Master"
thirty-one times; six times in Matthew (8:
19
; 12:
38
; 19:
16
; 22:
16,24,36
); ten times in Mark (4:
38
; 9:
17,38
; 10:
17,20,35
; 12:
14,19,32
; 13:
1
); twelve times in Luke (3:
12
; 7:
40
; 9:
38
; 10:
25
; 11:
45
; 12:
13
; 18:
18
; 19:
39
; 20:
21,28,39
; 21:
7
); three times in John (1:
39
; 8:
4
; 20:
16
).
The Lord spoken of as "Master" by Himself eight times: three
times in Matthew (10: 24,25
; 26:
18
); once in Mark (14:
14
); thrice in Luke (6:
40,40
; 22:
11
); once in John (13:
14
).
The Lord spoken of as "Master" by others than Himself six
times: twice in Matthew (9: 11
; 17:
24
); once in Mark (5:
35
); once in Luke (8:
49
); twice in John (11:
28
; 13:
13
).
Spoken of others than the Lord twice, and rendered "master"
in John 3: 10
. James 3:
1
. In other renderings once "doctor"
(Luke 2: 46
), and ten times "teacher",
once of the Lord (John 3: 2
), and nine times of human
teachers (Acts 13: 1
. Romans 2:
20
.
1
Corinthians 12:
28,29
. Ephesians 4:
11
.
1
Timothy 2:
7
.
2
Timothy 1:
11
; 4:
3
. Hebrews 5:
12
).
- Kathegetes
= A Guide or Leader. Used of the Lord by Himself three times
(Matthew 23: 8,10,10
).
- Rabbi.
The Hebrew term for "my Teacher",
transliterated into Greek. Twice explained as meaning the same as the Greek Didaskalos
(see XIV. v, page 143). Occurs seventeen times, and used as follows:
The Lord addressed as "Rabbi" five times (John 1:
39,49
; 3:
2,26
; 6:
25
). Rendered "Master"
nine times (Matthew 26: 25,49
. Mark 9:
5
; 11:
21
; 14:
45,45
. John 4:
31
; 9:
2
; 11:
8
).
Used of others than the Lord four times (Matthew 23:
7,7,8
. John 3:
26
).
- Rabboni. Aramaic for Rabbi (see Appendix 94. III. 38).
Occurs twice, once transliterated (John 20:
16
); and once translated "Lord"
(Mark 10: 51
).
THE SON OF GOD.
This title expresses the relation of the Son to the Father (Matthew 1:
20
. Luke 1:
31,35
); and of all those who are
begotten of God (see note on Matthew 1:
1
.
1
John 3:
1
).
It differs therefore from the relationship expressed by "the
Son of man", which relates to "dominion" in the earth
(see XVI, below).
As the Son of God, Christ is "the heir of all things"
(Hebrews 1: 2
), and is invested with "all
power", and is "the Resurrection and the Life" (John
11: 25
), having power to raise the dead
(John 5: 25
). As "the Son of man",
all judgment is committed to Him (John 5:
27
) in the earth. See on No. XVI,
below.
THE SON OF MAN.
This title, when used of Christ, always has the Article; and the word
for man is anthropos (see Appendix 123. I).
When used of a human being, as in Ezekiel, it never has the Article (see
notes on Psalm 8: 4
, and Ezekiel 2:
1
).
To the "first man, Adam" was given dominion over
the works of the Creator (Genesis 1:
26
). Through the Fall (Genesis 3),
this dominion was forfeited, and lost, and is now in abeyance; no one son of Adam having
any right to universal dominion. Hence, all the chaos, "unrest",
and conflicts between men and nations, which must continue until He shall come Whose right
it is to rule in the earth (Ezekiel 21:
27
). The great enemy, who wrought
all the mischief at the Fall, has tried, from time to time, to exercise this authority by
setting up some human head. He tried Nebuchadnezzar, Alexander the Great, and others, and
in later days Napoleon; but he will finally succeed for a brief period with the
Antichrist, until "the second man", "the last Adam"
( 1
Corinthians 15:
45
), "the Son of Man",
to Whom all dominion in the earth has, in the counsels of God, been given, shall take unto
Him His great power and reign.
All this and more is contained in His title as "the Son of
Man". Its first occurrence is in Psalm 8, where in verses
1
and
8
His connection with the "earth"
is proclaimed; and "dominion" over it is given to Him. It denotes
Him Who is "the heir of all things", in virtue of which all things
shall one day be put under His feet. "But now we see not yet all things put
under Him. But we see Jesus, Who was made a little lower than the angels",
humbling Himself unto death, even the death of the Cross (compare Hebrews 2:
8,9
).
In support of this the occurrences and distribution of this title in the
New Testament are full of significance and instruction.
(1) As to the occurrences. We find the expression
eighty-eight times: Matthew 8: 20
; 9:
6
; 10:
23
; 11:
19
; 12:
8,32,40
; 13:
37,41
; 16:
13,27,28
; 17:
9,12,22
; 18:
11
; 19:
28
; 20:
18,28
; 24:
27,30,30,37,39,44
; 25:
13,31
; 26:
2,24,24,45,64
. Mark 2:
10,28
; 8:
31,38
; 9:
9,12,31
; 10:
33,45
; 13:
26
; 14:
21,21,41,62
. Luke 5:
24
; 6:
5,22
; 7:
34
; 9:
22,26,44,56,58
; 11:
30
; 12:
8,10,40
; 17:
22,24,26,30
; 18:
8,31
; 19:
10
; 21:
27,36
; 22:
22,48,69
; 24:
7
. John 1:
51
; 3:
13,14
; 5:
27
; 6:
27,53,62
; 8:
28
; 12:
23,34,34
; 13:
31
. Acts 7:
56
. Hebrews 2:
6
.
4
Revelation 1:
13
; 14:
14
. On John 9:
35
see note there.
The first is in Matthew 8:
20
, where the first thing stated
of, and by, the One Who humbled Himself is that in this same earth "the Son of
man had not where to lay His head."
The second, in like manner, is connected with the
earth, and shows that He was God, as well as Man, having "authority on
earth to forgive sins" (Matthew 9:
6
); and so the order of the
occurrences may be carried out.
Note, in this connection, the contrast between the relationship to
mankind of the Lord, as "the Son of God", and as "the
Son of man" in John 5:
25-27
. Compare Acts 10:
40-42
; 17:
31
.
(2) As to the distribution of this title: out of the
whole number (88), no less than 84 are in the Four Gospels, which contain the record of
His coming for this special purpose; and of His rejection. They are all used by the Lord
of Himself.
After these 84 occurrences, we have one in the Acts (7:
56
) where Stephen sees Him "standing"
as though not yet "set down", and waiting to be "sent"
according to the promise of Jehovah by Peter in Acts 3:
20
(compare Hebrews 10:
13
); and two in the
Apocalypse (Revelation 1: 13
and 14:
14
), where He comes to eject the
usurper, and reign in righteousness over a restored earth. Hebrews 2:
6
4
is a quotation from Psalm 8,
which can only be realized by Him.
This distribution of the title shows us that it has nothing whatever to
do with "the Church of God"; and that those who belong to it have
no relation to the Lord Jesus as "the Son of Man". They stand
related to Him as "the Son of God".
The distribution between the four separate Gospels is equally
significant. In Matthew it occurs 32 times. Matthew 8:
20
is the first occurrence in the
New Testament, and it is interesting to contrast it with the last occurrence (Revelation
14: 14
). In the first He had "not
where to lay His head", but in the last that head has on it "a
golden crown", and in His hands is seen "a sharp sickle".
With this He reaps in judgment the harvest of the earth, for the time to reap it will then
have come. This is emphasized by the word "earth" being 6 times
repeated in the verses 15,16,18,19
.
In Mark it occurs 14 times, which is twice seven; the two of testimony,
and the seven of spiritual perfection of Jehovah's Servant.
In Luke it occurs 26 times.
In John it occurs 12 times, the number which stands associated with
Divine governmental perfection. (See Appendix 10.)
Similarly significant are the first and last occurrences in the Four
Gospels respectively : the first being in connection with the humiliation of "the
Son of man", and the last with His glorification. Compare Mathew 8:
20
with 26:
64
; Mark 2:
10
with 14:
62
; Luke 5:
24
with 24:
7
; and John 3:
13,14
with 13:
31
.
Thus, while as "the Son of God" He is "the
Heir of all things" (Hebrews 1:
2
), as "the Son of man"
He is the Heir to that dominion in the earth which was entrusted to the first man, and
forfeited by him.
THE SON OF ABRAHAM (Matthew 1:
1
).
Expresses the relation of the Son of man, as being heir to the land
given to Abraham (Genesis 15: 18-21
).
THE SON OF DAVID (Matthew 1:
1
. Luke 1:
32
, etc.).
Expresses His relationship, as being the Heir to David's throne (
2
Samuel 7:
12-16
. Isaiah 11:
1
. Acts 2:
29-32
; 13:
33-37
. Revelation 5:
5
; 22:
16
).
NOTES
- These
numbers refer to the Received Greek Text. In some cases there are various readings, but in
most of them the difference consists in the omission of the article. Any important
variations are referred to in the notes.
- Because, in
Mark, the presentation of the Lord is as "Jehovah's Servant"; and
a servant is not usually addressed as Lord. See notes on page 1381. This is not a peculiarity
of Mark, but shows the accuracy and perfection of this
presentation by the Holy Spirit.
- Once by a
Gentile, the other being omitted by the Critical texts (though not by the Syr.).
- The
reference in Hebrews 2: 6
is a quotation from Psalm 8:
4
, and refers to "the
first man", Adam; and only by application to the Lord.
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